English Expansionism photo

English Expansionism

by · Lecture: 9 minutes
  1. The Reformation in the British Isles
  2. English Expansionism
  3. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
  4. The American colonies : Religion and Politics
  5. USA: Birth of a Nation

Introduction

The Anglo-American World is but colonial. Its present extension is the result of England’s self-affirmation and ambition to become a major world power. Therefore, the words “empire” and “imperialism” describe England’s struggle for national and international sovereignty.

The first consequence of English expansionism was the westward impulse of the Anglo-Saxon element, first into the Celtic periphery of the British Isles, then across the Atlantic and finally into Africa and Australasia.

The second more recent consequence is the emergence in the 20th century of multi-cultural societies both in Britain and in America but also across the British Commonwealth, which is constituted of the former British colonies.

Early English expansionism in the British Isles

The origin of British colonial adventures lies in the early steps taken by English Kings towards the political, economic, and religious integration of the British Isles.

The Anglo-Norman enterprise

In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, became the master of England. His successors, the Anglo-Norman Kings, tried to increase their authority and international prestige (especially in front of France) by controlling the British Isles (first Ireland and then Wales).

In 1171, the English King Henry II landed in Ireland and was accepted by the Irish Kings as their overlord (=master). During the 13th century, many Anglo-Norman barons settled in Ireland where they were given land by the King. They introduced the French system of feudalism and forced the native Irish to become serfs.

In 1366, the English Parliament prohibited mixed marriages between Irish and Anglo-Norman and Irish laws and customs were abolished in English-controlled areas. The colonization of Ireland had started.

In 1277, Edward I of England invaded Wales after the last Prince of Wales refused to acknowledge his authority. The country soon became part of the English Royal Estate and was re-organized into 5 countries, after the English model. In 1301, the English King became the Prince of Wales.

The Anglo-Normans never managed to conquer Scotland. After a series of unsuccessful invasions, the English were finally forced out in 1314. Scottish independence was secured for 4 centuries.

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The Reformation in the British Isles photo

The Reformation in the British Isles

by · Lecture: 8 minutes
  1. The Reformation in the British Isles
  2. English Expansionism
  3. The Glorious Revolution of 1688
  4. The American colonies : Religion and Politics
  5. USA: Birth of a Nation

The Anglo-American World is predominantly a Protestant and religious world: reformed Christianity largely influenced the culture and ideals.

But Protestantism is no British creation for it appeared in the 16th century in continental Europe.

A German monk called Martin Luther started a rebellion against the churches’ authority in 1517 and founded a new church: “the Lutheran or Evangelical Church”.

A Frenchman called Jean Calvin rose against authority and influenced indirectly the whole civilization of the English-speaking world.

For them, the only authority in the church should come from the Bible and not from priests, or else the interpretation is open to everybody: the Reformation started a real challenge against authority.

English and American Protestantism were defined by plurality: the Reformation had a tremendous influence on individual freedom and the development of an atmosphere of tolerance.

In Britain, churches after the Reformation organized themselves as official national churches: one particular protestant church became the established Church (rejection and exclusion).

In Ireland, the establishment was the natural elite: what was called the Ascendancy.

The Church of England

The Church of England was created by the top of British society in 1534 when Henry VIII decided to separate the English Church from the Church of Rome by his authority.

His creation took the simple name of the Anglican Church (English Church). The King had 3 main reasons for the creation of the Church of England:

1. Personal reason: The king wished to divorce his wife and the Pope refused. There was a problem of power for the King did not want to be ruled by the Pope.

2. Financial reason: England was small and poor before colonization and the King needed the Church’s wealth. Hence, the King accepted Luther’s theory about the abolition of monasteries and started the Reformation.

3. Political reason: Henry VIII wanted to be free of appointing the leaders of the church, i.e. the Bishops.

The Reformation was a declaration of independence for the rest of the world (especially for France and Italy).

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Etat-Providence et cohésion sociale photo

Etat-Providence et cohésion sociale

by · Lecture: 8 minutes

I – Etat-Providence : Etat de bien être

Au sens strict, l’Etat-Providence est l’intervention de l’Etat dans le domaine social par l’intermédiaire du système de la sécurité sociale (créée en 1945), lequel vise à garantir un revenu aux personnes touchées par certains riques sociaux : vieillesse, maladie, chômage, accidents du travail, maternité…

Au sens large, l’Etat-Providence représente les interventions économiques et sociales de l’Etat. Les allocations sociales sont apparues dès la fin du 19ème siècle en Allemagne avec Bismarck et concernaient les accidents du travail et le capital vieillesse.

En 1942 paraît le Rapport Beveridge (Beveridge Report) qui crée l’Etat Providence (Welfare State). Cette forme de l’action sociale de l’Etat est devenue primordiale pour la cohésion sociale.

L’Etat-Providence a contribué à l’intégation des individus dans la société pendant les 30 Glorieuses (revenus de transfert). L’Etat-Providence distribue des revenus et relie les individus entre eux : création de solidarité.

II – La citoyenneté sociale

Avec le développement de la protection sociale, la solidarité cesse d’être exclusivement une affaire de famille ou de village pour devenir une affaire nationale.

Les individus bénéficient des mêmes droits sociaux, d’où la naissance de la citoyenneté sociale, qui complète la citoyenneté politique et la citoyenneté civile. Cela favorise le sentiment d’appartenir à une communauté nationale.

III – La redistribution

Est la fonction essentielle de l’Etat-Providence. La politique de redistribution est une politique économique et sociale qui consiste à prélever des impôts et des cotisations sur les revenus primaires (salaires, loyers, bénéfices) et à en redistribuer une partie sous forme de revenus de transferts.

Toute redistribution n’est pas réductrice d’inégalités :

– la redistribution horizontale cherche à maintenir les ressources des individus atteints par des risques sociaux (ex : frais de maladie remboursés pareil pour toutes les PCS). La redistribution horizontale ne réduit pas les inégalités entre riches et pauvres.

– la redistribution verticale consiste à transférer les richesses des plus aisés vers les plus pauvres (l’ISF finance le RMI par exemple).

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