La naissance d'un projet encyclopédique à Rome !

La naissance d’un projet encyclopédique à Rome !

A l’évocation de la notion d’« Encyclopédie », c’est vers Diderot et son œuvre magistrale que se dirige d’emblée notre pensée. Seulement, cet encyclopédisme que l’on attribue à Diderot n’est pas né au XVIII è siècle.

Ce concept est le fruit d’un très ancien héritage : l’« εγκυκλιος παιδεια » qui définit un système d’éducation grec embrassant toutes formes de savoir.

Ce concept encyclopédique, associé au IVe siècle à l’éducation du jeune grec, est ainsi véritablement ancré dans la pensée antique. Il évolue cependant sous l’influence des écoles philosophiques, notamment de celle d’Aristote dont la tradition d’enseignement marque la naissance d’une forme de courant encyclopédique.

En effet, la philosophie péripatéticienne comprend trois grands domaines d’investigation qui comprennent l’éthique, la logique et la physique. D’emblée, l’association de ces différents domaines de recherche dénote d’un appétit de savoir grandissant, d’un véritable mouvement d’intellectualisation dans le domaine de la connaissance.

Dans la continuité de ce cheminement engendré par la philosophie, la période hellénistique témoigne d’un intense bouillonnement intellectuel et culturel. C’est ainsi que dans les villes de Pergame, de Rhodes ou encore d’Alexandrie dont l’immense bibliothèque illustre cet intérêt pour la connaissance, le foisonnement scientifique est remarquable.

Les travaux des érudits venus de tout le monde hellénistique se multiplient et donnent ainsi lieu à des publications de grands textes de savoir qui marquent une étape dans l’évolution de ce courant encyclopédiste.

Quant à Rome, c’est à partir du premier siècle de notre ère que la littérature scientifique se développe, fruit de l’héritage de Caton l’Ancien ou de Varron, célèbres pour leurs compilations de faits pratiques : le De Agricultura de Caton constitue une encyclopédie pratique destinée à son fils qui recense tous les éléments importants concernant l’agriculture tandis que le De Lingua Latina constitue la première grammaire latine connue. La publication de ces ouvrages représente les fondements de cette tradition encyclopédique à Rome.

Elle évolue une nouvelle fois avec Lucrèce qui au premier siècle avant notre ère est le premier à écrire un traité scientifique sous forme poétique en latin : De Natura Rerum.

A partir du premier siècle, l’écriture de textes scientifiques en prose se fait beaucoup plus importante et jouit d’une plus large diffusion. Dans de nombreux domaines, ces écrits scientifiques apparaissent : Vitruve écrit son De Architectura, traité d’architecture, Celse publie le De Medicina et Sénèque compose les Naturales Quaestiones.

Aussi, l’ouvrage de Pline l’Ancien intitulé Naturalis Historiae reste le plus représentatif de cette tradition encyclopédiste. Au regard de tous ces textes qui présentent, malgré leur caractère scientifique commun, de grandes différences, on pourrait s’interroger sur les caractéristiques qui définissent l’encyclopédisme à Rome.

Pour envisager cette question, nous déclinerons cette étude en trois mouvements : le premier sera consacré à la méthode de composition utilisée par les encyclopédistes. Puis, nous considèrerons l’écriture à deux niveaux de ces traités scientifiques : érudition et accessibilité. Enfin, nous nous interrogerons sur la valeur scientifique de ces écrits.

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wisdom-300

Larry’s Proverbs

wisdom 300

Some of Larry’s proverbs, sent to me via email last week :

A day without sunshine is like night.

On the other hand, you have different fingers.

42.7 percent of all statistics are made up on the spot.

Remember, half the people you know are below average.

He who laughs last, thinks slowest.

Depression is merely anger without enthusiasm.

The early bird may get the worm, but the second mouse gets the cheese in the trap.

Support bacteria. They’re the only culture most people have.

A clear conscience is usually the sign of a bad memory.

Change is inevitable, except from vending machines.

If you think nobody cares, try missing a couple of payments.

How many of you believe in psycho-kinesis? Raise my hand.

When everything is coming your way, you’re in the wrong lane.

Hard work pays off in the future. Laziness pays off now.

How much deeper would the ocean be without sponges?

Eagles may soar, but weasels don’t get sucked into jet engines.

What happens if you get scared half to death, twice?

Why do psychics have to ask you your name?

Inside every older person is a younger person wondering, ‘What the heck happened?’

Light travels faster than sound. That’s why some people appear bright until you hear them speak.

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The American Renaissance photo

The American Renaissance

  1. Puritanism : a New World Vision
  2. An authentically American Literature
  3. American Literature: a Declaration of Literary Independence
  4. The American Renaissance
  5. American Modernism in literature

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Emerson’s literary and philosophical importance in the American Renaissance and after it has always been associated with his lasting influence in two domains of American intellectual and social life:

  • The emergence of an American romantic sensibility.
  • The emergence of a characteristically American conception of individual consciousness and actions.

For the first time in America, Emerson gave full expression to a philosophy of romantic idealism.

He thought that the spiritual and intellectual ideals of the 18th century, the principles of the Age of Reason, had ended in sterility. Emerson’s ethic of self-reliance represents the necessity for the individual to question most of all forms of social conventions and to refuse his ideas by the accepted standards and values of society.

Also, it represents the necessity for the individual to think and act according to his standards.

But this self-reliance can also be interpreted as moral relativism and as a certain cult of individualistic power. Indeed, Emerson’s philosophy does reflect a certain fascination with power.

Very often, he seems to be too enthusiastic about all manifestations of energy, personal force and superior vitality: “Power first. In politics and trade, pirates are of better promise than talkers and clerks”: it’s a philosophy of action.

Such ambivalent affirmations show a great deal of the liberating potential of Emerson’s philosophy but evidently, they also hide a dangerously anarchistic potential that can not be denied.

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Top 50 phrases you'd like to say to your hierarchy photo

Top 50 phrases you’d like to say to your hierarchy

1. I can see your point, but I still think you’re full of shit.

2. I don’t know what your problem is, but I’ll bet it’s hard to pronounce.

3. How about never? Is never good for you?

4. I see you’ve set aside this special time to humiliate yourself in public.

5. I’m really easy to get along with once you people learn to see it my way.

6. I’ll try being nicer if you’ll try being smarter.

7. I’m out of my mind, but feel free to leave a message…

8. I don’t work here. I’m a consultant.

9. It sounds like English, but I can’t understand a word you’re saying.

10. Ahhh… I see the screw-up fairy has visited us again…

11. I like you. You remind me of when I was young and stupid.

12. You are validating my inherent mistrust of strangers.

13. I have plenty of talent and vision. I just don’t give a damn.

14. I’m already visualizing the duct tape over your mouth.

15. I will always cherish the initial misconceptions I had about you.

16. Thank you. We’re all refreshed and challenged by your unique point of view.

17. The fact that no one understands you doesn’t mean you’re an artist.

18. Any connection between your reality and mine is purely coincidental.

19. What am I? Flypaper for freaks!?

20. I’m not being rude. You’re just insignificant.

21. It’s a thankless job, but I’ve got a lot of Karma to burn off.

22. Yes, I am an agent of Satan, but my duties are largely ceremonial.

23. And your crybaby whiny-butt opinion would be…?

24. Do I look like a people person?

25. This isn’t an office. It’s Hell with fluorescent lighting.

26. I started out with nothing & still have most of it left.

27. Sarcasm is just one more service we offer.

28. If I throw a stick, will you leave?

29. Errors have been made. Others will be blamed.

30. Whatever kind of look you were going for, you missed.

31. I’m trying to imagine you with a personality.

32. A cubicle is just a padded cell without a door.

33. Can I trade this job for what’s behind door #1?

34. Too many freaks, not enough circuses.

35. Nice perfume. Must you marinate in it?

36. Chaos, panic and disorder – my work here is done.

37. How do I set a laser printer to stun?

38. I thought I wanted a career, turns out I just wanted paychecks.

39. I’m really easy to get along with once you people learn to worship me.

40. You assign me one more action item and I’m going to show you why I play with those WWF figurines…

41. Who me? I just wander from room to room.

42. Does your train of thought have a caboose?

43. Imagine this; I will win and you will lose. Do we need to go on?

44. I see that this is the collection point for the freaks and weirdoes.

45. You! Off my planet!

46. The less you bother me, the sooner we’ll get results.

47. Of course I don’t look busy…I did it right the first time!

48. Who says nothing is impossible. I’ve been doing nothing for years.

49. The world is full of willing people. Some willing to work, the rest willing to let them.

50. You can have it right or you can have it now, but you can’t have it right now.